Troubleshooting and Resource Guide for Windows 95/98/ME/XP/Vista

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Warp Speed! - Tweaking Windows For Better Performance



<>Speeding Up System Performance

Useful for most of us running an Intel-based system: the Intel Application Accelerator, free from support.intel.com/support/chipsets/iaa/. The site info promises faster boot-up times, quicker game and graphic performance, and more. Known compatibility problems and issues are also covered on this page.

Power = performance; make sure your BIOS settings for power conservation are disabled. Portable users, when you run your PC from the wall outlet, disable the power conservation feature as well.

To optimize Windows, make sure your cache is enabled. The specific names of the BIOS entries vary depending on the manufacturer, but will generally be something like "Enable Internal Cache," "Disable/Enable L1 Cache," or "Enable CPU Cache."

You can reduce your CD's cache size for quicker Windows response. Windows sets aside a maximum of 1.238 megabytes of memory for the CD cache. You can reduce that to .214 MB. To do that, right-click My Computer on the Windows desktop. Then, click Properties and the Performance tab. Click the File System button. Select the CD-ROM tab. To reduce the CD cache, move the slider toward Small. The cache reserves 150 kilobytes (or .150 MB) of memory for read-ahead. This function allows the CD drive to guess what you'll need next and put it in memory. If it guesses correctly, the process is sped up. If it's wrong, no harm is done, other than the fact that a bit of memory was tied up needlessly. You can also turn read-ahead off. To do that, return to the CD-ROM tab. Click the down arrow next to "Optimize access pattern for." Choose "No read-ahead." That will free up all but 64 KB of the cache. What good will all this do? If you have plenty of memory, you probably won't see a noticeable increase in your computer's speed. But if not, the change may be significant. The change should slow down access to data on your CDs. Now, if you rarely use the CD drive, none of this will matter, though you could always change the CD cache setting when you need to use a CD.

XP has a built-in advertising system that throws an endless supply of pop-up messages at its users, from Passport promos to warnings that scold you about your hard disk space. TweakUI for XP is the solution for this problem. Just go through the Taskbar option and uncheck "Enable Balloon Tips." Click OK and you're free!

Another XP quirk is its incessant warnings of low hard drive space. You could ignore them (not the best solution), get a new hard drive, or simply run the Free Up Space on My Hard Disk task that pops up when you choose the Control Panel's Performance and Maintenance category. You can also call up My Computer from the Start menu, right-click on your hard drive, and choose Properties. Click the Disk Cleanup button, and Windows calculates how much garbage it can delete.

There's a known problem with XP's Disk Cleanup that can cause it to hang during its operation, specifically while it is compressing old files. You can fix this by editing the Registry (back it up first!). Here's how. First, click Start, Run, and type REGEDIT in the box. Click OK. Expand the following Registry key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Explorer \ VolumeCaches. Under VolumeCaches is an entry titled Compress Old Files. Click it once to highlight, then click the Del button. Close the Registry editor. Disk Cleanup should no longer hang. This may not work because of temp files. You can handle this by going through Start, Run, and entering %temp% and clicking OK. The Temp folder will open. In the Edit menu, click Select All. Press the Del key and click Yes to confirm the deletions. That will send everything to the Recycle Bin. Next, click Start, Control Panel. Double-click "Internet Options." On the General tab, click Delete Files. Select "Delete all offline content." Click OK. This could take a while. Do you need to compress the files? That depends on the size of your hard drive. If you have plenty of disk space, don't bother. Disk Cleanup gets rid of temporary files, old applications you no longer use and Internet cache files. It asks before any of these are deleted.

Sick of XP and want to restore 9x or ME? Read this article first: "Manually Remove WinXP and Restore Win9x or WinME," support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;314052.

<>Enhancing Your Memory
 

If you run a Windows 98/ME PC with limited memory (less than 64MB), you can tweak your system to improve performance. First, launch the Windows Systems Properties applet. (There are three ways to launch: either by using the Windows key+Pause Break combination, by right-clicking My Computer and selecting Properties, or by going through Control Panel's System Properties.) On the Performance tab window, select File System. Under "Typical role of this computer:" change it to "Network server." Doing this will improve memory performance and give you a small performance boost. This works with Win 98/ME and Win 95B, but not earlier versions of Win 95.

DMA stands for "Direct Memory Access" and sometimes called "bus mastering." It allows the computer, under certain conditions, to bypass the CPU and directly access the system memory. You can tweak your DMA settings to significantly speed up the performance of all your drives: hard, floppy, and CD. Find them by right-clicking My Computer and clicking on Properties. Go into Device Manager, click on Disk Drives, then on your hard drive(s)--- you may see a nonspecific name such as "Generic IDE Disk Type 01"--- then on Properties, and then click on the Settings Tab. See if the DMA box is checked. Now do the same thing for your CD-ROM drive. Chances are good (or excellent, on older systems) that at least one drive doesn't have the DMA selection checked. Why not? Well, choosing the slower, more conservative non-DMA setting sometimes avoids compatibility issues, and oftentimes vendors would rather play it safe and not use the DMA settings. Well, then, why not just check the DMA boxes and get back to work? It isn't that simple; there are times that you don't want to enable the DMA facility. The yes/no, why/why not nature of DMA settings are exemplified by Microsoft's rather schizophrenic take on the whole thing: when you check the DMA box, you get a grim warning box that reads, "Changing this setting may have undesirable effects on your hardware..." Whoa, Bessie. Who wants to trash their hardware? But then you scope out the Knowledge Base article on the Microsoft site, and you see the writer extolling the benefits of enabling DMA on a Windows system. Worse, Microsoft claims that Win 98/ME machines are customarily set with DMA enabled, yet this is rarely the case, even though Win 98/ME is optimized for DMA usage. Win 95 users, the question of whether or not to enable your DMA is best settled by a visit to your hard drive maker's site. As for CD drives, most all CD and DVD drives do well with DMA enabled, but again you'll often find your DMA settings not checked. If you have a CD-RW drive, you'll want to scope the site at www.fadden.com/cdrfaq Want to check those DMA boxes? Start by reading up on DMA usage at content.techweb.com/winmag/columns/explorer/2001/02.htm ; the article contains lots of links to more in-depth information that you may want to consider before checking those boxes. In general, you're fairly safe in giving it a shot; if your system chokes on DMA, it should revert to non-DMA status with no ill effects. However, "should" doesn't mean "will;" if you're going to give it a try, particularly on a Windows 95 system, back up your data first in case your system locks. Good luck.

Follow-up on the DMA info: users of Win 95 SR2 and non-SE versions of Win 98 should check out www.microsoft.com/hwdev/devdes/idedma.htm for vital information. Seems the Microsoft boys forgot to add a line of code that would allow DMA to be enabled at all. If you're one of the (un)lucky ones affected, you must go manually into the file MSHDC.inf and under the section "ESDI_AddReg" add the line HKR,,IDEDMADrive0,3,01 and immediately below this one, HKR,,IDEDMADrive1,3,01 below it in order to enable the driver. Win 98 users may also have some trouble getting Windows to enable DMA for their CD drives; they should scope out the article at support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q235/8/59.ASP.

Slave drives on ATAPI channels are often set to PIO mode by default, even if they can run UltraATA or DMA, which allow for more efficient data transfers. They should be reset. In 9x/ME, go to Device Manager, then "Disk Drive/Hard disk properties," click the Settings tab, and click the DMA box. In XP/2K, go through Control Panel's System applet, select Device Manager in the Hardware tab, choose Advanced Settings, and change the transfer mode for each hard drive to "DMA if possible." If your particular drive won't handle DMA, there's no harm done.

<>Hidden Windows Goodies and Useful Utilities
 

The poor sods who have Win 95 on floppy disk are lacking several goodies that came on the Win 95 CD-ROM. Fortunately, these are available from Microsoft at www.microsoft.com/windows95/info/cdextras.htm. These include a good number of free utilities and toys. Other (more modern) Windows users, you'd do well to check your CDs out as well.

speedometer We mention TweakUI time and again in these pages, and as time goes on, it becomes more and more obvious that this utility is not a luxury, but a necessity for anyone who aspires to the title of "power user." Version 1.33, also known as TweakUI 2000, is the latest non-XP version, and is compatible with all versions of Windows, both the 9x and NT/2000 family (except, of course, 3.x). This version is available for download from the TweakUI home page at www.microsoft.com/ntworkstation/downloads/
PowerToys/Networking/NTTweakUI.asp
, and an excellent article on installing TweakUI is at content.techweb.com/winmag/help/
sbs/2000/tweakui/default.htm
(another source admonishes you to download it to a "short-name," DOS-compatible folder; C:\TWEAKUI is a perfectly reasonable choice for its new home. You will, of course, have to create the folder). An XP version is available from www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/pro/downloads/powertoys.asp. You should be aware that although Microsoft created and posted the utility, it refuses to support it. (Why? You got me.) There are a few minor glitches in the installation process, but the article cited above will walk you through without a problem. The utility self-configures itself depending on what version of Windows is being used. Win 95 and 98 users should know that if they change the settings on the "My Computer" tab (i.e. remove any checks from the boxes) that they will lose the Open and Explore items from the right-click menu on the Start button. The fix is documented at content.techweb.com/winmag/columns/
insider/1999/081899.htm
, but the easiest way to deal with it is to make sure every drive letter from A:\ to Z:\ is checked. If you have to implement this fix, you'll need to reboot for it to take effect. Win ME users can sneer; they won't encounter this problem. What they will encounter is a separate glitch under the "IE" tab. The setting, called "Show Control Panel on Start Menu Settings," must be checked or you won't be able to access Control Panel. This is a serious glitch and ought to be fixed, but until Microsoft repairs it in a future release, Millennium users ought to make damn sure that the box remains checked. Win 98 users also need to avoid the version on their system CD; Microsoft fouled up the installation of the program, and the CD version is bug-ridden (which probably explains why it's missing entirely from the 98 SE version). Use the downloadable version instead. As far as actually using the thing, there's a surprising dearth of information out there on the 1.33 version, but one good site to check is www.pcforrest.freeserve.co.uk/tweakui.htm . Literally, TweakUI lets you "tweak" the Windows user interface from its location within Control Panel. Depending on your OS, you will have up to 13 tabs on your TweakUI applet: Mouse, General, [Windows] Explorer, IE, Desktop, My Computer, Control Panel, Network, New, Add/Remove, Boot, Repair, and Paranoia. The usual Help features and Tool Tips are available to help you figure out what options performs what functions. Without going into serious details, TweakUI lets you customize how these various features of Windows appear, perform, and are configured. I'll leave the exploration of the various functions of TweakUI to you; you'll soon discover which ones are useful and which ones are best ignored. Don't like TweakUI, or loathe using any Microsoft products that aren't absolutely necessary? Then try XSetup 5.7 from www.xteq.com/ , a free utility that is similar to, and considered by many superior to, TweakUI. Installing TweakUI isn't completely intuitive, either. "TWEAKUI.EXE" is a self-extracting file that creates four individual files: TWEAKUI.INF, TWEAKUI.CPL, TWEAKUI.CNT and TWEAKUI.HLP. Once you've extracted the files, the first "trick" is that the install file is named TWEAKUI.INF, which you have to right-click to open the dialog box. The installation process is automatic and straightforward, and no reboot is necessary. The .CPL file - a Control Panel Applet - is the actual program, and the last two are help files. Once installed, launch Start, Settings, Control Panel and you're ready to take a look at what TweakUI has to offer. A quick count reveals thirteen tabs, each of which offers a load of choices. There is a help file - and it's even sprinkled with a bit of humor - but, unfortunately, some of the explanations confuse as much as they clarify.

Install Microsoft's Send To Extensions Power Toy to give yourself a whole new set of right-click options in Explorer. You can download Power Toys from Microsoft's Web site at www.microsoft.com/windows95/info/powertoys.htm. Remember, the Power Toys do NOT work with any versions besides Win 95.

Some folks like System Agent, a utility that comes with the Win 95 Plus pack. System Agent allows you to run Scandisk and Defrag on a preset schedule without your intervention. Unfortunately, sometimes System Agent gets scrambled and ignores your chosen options, which means that the selected app waits for you to input your choices...and waits, and waits, because you scheduled Scandisk to run while you were in that sales meeting that ran over into dinner, and Larry insisted that you go to that strip club for a burger, and you met Lulu, a stripper with the most amazing...anyway, it's still sitting there, hung, while you're elsewhere. Chances are that System Agent's Registry entries are corrupt. There's two fixes: an easy one (reinstall System Agent and re-enter all of your scheduled tasks and program selections) and the hard fix, described here. First, turn off System Agent by going through Start, Programs, Accessories, System Tools, System Agent, select Advanced, "Stop Using System Agent," and click Yes. Now go through Windows Explorer to find SAGE.DAT (the file containing all of your choices) and rename it SAGE.BAK. (Find it using Start, Find if necessary.) Reinstall System Agent from the Plus CD-ROM, and once again turn it off as above. Delete the new SAGE.DAT file created by your reinstallation of System Agent and rechange the name of SAGE.BAK to SAGE.DAT. Restart System Agent. Double-check your tweak by choosing a task, selecting Program, Properties, and verifying that the settings are what you want. Win 98/ME has a similar tool called Scheduled Tasks that as yet has not exhibited the same capacity for meltdown as System Agent. Yet.

Windows 9x users have the option of using WinAlign, a program that optimizes program performance by "aligning" the programs to run more efficiently. Since Microsoft has been after vendors to release "aligned" versions of their programs, many newer applications are already optimized to run this way under Windows (as are all recent Microsoft releases), but the majority of the programs on the market are "unaligned" and thus ripe for improvement. WinAlign actually modifies a program's code to run under WinAlign's optimization protocols. Win 98/ME users, you have the basic WALIGN.EXE program already installed (it's in the \WINDOWS\SYSTEM\ directory), (Win 95 users, you're out of luck), but users should have relatively few of their programs affected, since most of them have already been modified. Older programs, of course, haven't been altered. The downside is that programs altered by WinAlign can't be further modified or patched, and a few programs take poorly to WinAlign's modifications. Find out more at content.techweb.com/winmag/windows/win98/winalign.htm and support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q191/6/55.asp. In fact, if you think this sounds like a useful utility, you'd better do some serious reading up on its use and potential for destruction before cranking it up on your system. Winmag.com has released a similar utility, WMAlign, that they claim is much simpler and less prone to lay waste to your system. While Winmag is gone, the utility should be available on the Net somewhere.

XP users have several goodies hidden in their system. All can be launched through Start, Run and typing its executable name (listed below in parentheses).

  • Private Character Editor (EUDCEDIT): Using this one, you can create and use your own special characters -- make a character for your name a la Prince, or make a company logo, or whatever strikes your fancy. It's not too intuitive to use, but note these hints. When you open the Editor, it asks you to assign your character to a spot on the grid. Just accept the default and begin editing on the 50-pixel workspace. Find and use the character through Character Map (Charmap in the Run dialog box). For Font, select the top choice, All Fonts (Private Characters), then select, copy, and paste your creation into a document.
  • IExpress 2.0 (IEXPRESS): Used in creating simple installations, this lets you create a Self Extraction Directive (SED) file that can include compressed files which uncompress with a double click. Add a licensing agreement if you want, and even specify a program or .INF file to run.
  • Windows Media Player 6.4 (MPLAYER2): The XP version of WMP is quite overwhelming for some; you can revert to the earlier, simpler program by going through this.
  • NetMeeting (CONF): If you prefer the older NetMeeting to the newer Windows Messenger or other chat clients, fire it up here.

Another tweak for XP users: it seems that Microsoft has removed filters from the search tool, except for a select few, mostly Microsoft office file extensions. If you go to Windows Update and download the Windows XP Application Compatibility Update, October 25, 2001, it will add filters to a number of frequently used file extensions. If you need further info or a .BAT script to handle all extensions, go here: www.jsifaq.com/SUBJ/tip4600/rh4627.htm.

Tweaks to Speed Performance
 

You can squeeze some more speed out of Windows by turning off the usual Windows animation. By doing this, your windows will not shrink and grow when minimized or maximized, they'll just pop into size. Here's how to do it.

Win 95 users, your process is rather complex and requires a Registry tweak. Back up the Registry before doing anything else! Now, go into RegEdit (see earlier tips for getting into the Registry Editor) and navigate to the following: HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ Default \ Control Panel \ Desktop \WindowsMetrics. Right-click on "WindowsMetrics" in the left pane, select "New" and slide your mouse over to "String Value." Type "MinAnimate" (without the quotes) to name a new string value. Hit enter on your keyboard. In the right pane, right click "MinAnimate" and select "Modify." In the edit string dialog box that is now created, type "0" (without the quotes). Click "OK." Close out of the registry editor and reboot. If you want to get Windows Animation back, navigate back to "MinAnimate," right click on "MinAnimate" and choose "Delete." Close out of the registry editor and reboot.

Win 98/ME/2K users, your process is much, much easier. Right-click an empty place on your desktop, choose "Properties," click on the "Effects" tab, uncheck the box that says, "Animate Windows, menus and lists," or "Use transition effects for menus and tooltips" (Win ME/2K). Win XP users don't break a sweat either; they just right-click the desktop, choose Properties, Appearance, and Effects, and uncheck "Use the following transition effects for menus and tooltips." Click on "Apply," click on "OK."

ISDN users who want to break the speed barrier, go to Microsoft's Web site and download the Microsoft ISDN Accelerator Pack. Vrooom. But, not only ISDN users, but anyone with a dial-up modem, can profit from downloading this little goodie. Go to www.microsoft.com/windows/windows95/info/isdn4w95.htm, find MSISDN11.EXE, download, and install it according to the directions on the Web page. It provides several nice upgrades to your Dial-Up Networking utility, including an enhanced "connected" icon that replaces the little black box with the blinking red and green lights; double-clicking on this icon after connecting to your Internet provider gives you detailed information on your connection. If you're constantly asked by Windows for your username and password every time you log on, and you don't like it, you can install this upgrade and then force Windows to log you on without all the hassle. Go to Start, Programs, Accessories, and open the Dial-Up Networking folder. Choose Connections, Settings. Clear the box marked "Prompt for Information Before Dialing." (Whether this works or not depends on whether or not your Internet connection goes through DUN.) Another little freeware goodie for your DUN connection is FreeDUN, from PCWorld Magazine (www.pcworld.com). This one is particularly useful for users who connect to multiple systems (i.e. you have two different Internet accounts). According to the makers, FreeDun dials into different accounts, launches the programs you want, and shuts down automatically when you exit a specified application.

Make Dial-Up Networking redial after that busy signal denies you access to your ISP: go to My Computer/Dial-Up Networking and select Settings from the Connections menu. Check the Redial box and set how many times you want the computer to try redialing before giving up. Warning: some ISPs such as America Online don't go through DUN.

DUN users, speed up dialing into your ISP by going into Dial-Up Networking, right-click the connectoid for your ISP, and choose Properties. Choose Server Type, then Advanced Options. Uncheck "Log on to network." Under "Allowed Network Protocols," uncheck NetBEUI and IPX/SPX Compatible. (Leave the network protocols as they are for remote-access connections.)

Microsoft decided to abandon its own NetBEUI networking protocol beginning with Windows XP. Scot Finnie has recommended that people switch to IPX/SPX with NetBIOS, a protocol that Microsoft includes in every version of Windows since Windows 95. Finnie prefers NetBEUI, as it does a better job of helping various Windows versions inter-network, especially on simpler peer networks. Now that Microsoft's decided at the last minute to include NetBEUI on the Windows XP CD, you can install it like this (instructions courtesy of Scot Finnie).

  • The files necessary for installing the NetBEUI protocol on Windows XP are NETNBF.INF and NBF.SYS. To install them, follow these steps:
  • 1. Insert your Windows XP CD into the CD drive and use My Computer to browse the CD to the Valueadd \ MSFT \ Net \ NetBEUI folder. Copy NBF.SYS to your Windows \ System32 \ Drivers folder. Copy NETNBF.INF to your Windows \ Inf folder (which is hidden).
  • NOTE: To make a hidden folder viewable, click Start, Run, then type Explorer and press Enter. Then click Tools , Folder Options, View tab. Then under Advanced Settings, click "Show hidden files and folders" under the "Hidden files and folders" folder.
  • 2. Click Start, Control Panel, then double-click Network Connections. Right-click the adapter you want to add NetBEUI to and click Properties.
  • 3. On the General tab, click Install. Next click Protocol, Add.
  • 4. Click to select the NetBEUI Protocol from the list and then click OK.
  • 5. Restart your computer if you receive a prompt to complete the installation.
  • For more information, see this Microsoft KnowledgeBase Article Q301041: How to Install NetBEUI on Windows XP: support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;301041.

XP/2K users can crank up their search capabilities by indexing their files through Indexing Service. You can then search for text in files, file properties, and other useful goodies. (If you don't search your drive very often, you should disable the Indexing Service, because it sucks up hard drive space you don't need taken by this feature.) Go through Start, Search, select "Change Preferences," and look for the "With Indexing Service" option. (If it's called "With," it's turned off; "Without Indexing Service" indicates it's turned on.) Choose the option you prefer and choose Yes. And it does sound backwards. Whaddya want, it's Microsoft!

A quick way to disable your screen saver (while you're defragging, or downloading, or whatever) is to click on Start and leave the Start menu up. While the menu is up, the screen saver won't launch.

If you have 12mb or more of RAM, you can speed up your CD-ROM drive by telling Windows that it's got more gumption than it really has. Right-click My Computer, select Properties, click the Performance tab, the File System button, and then the CD-ROM tab. Move the Supplemental Cache Size sliding bar all the way to the right (towards Large) and select "Quad-speed or higher" from the "Optimize access pattern for" drop-down menu, regardless of your CD's actual speed. You have increased the size of the cache Windows sets aside for your CD, so it will run faster.

Add a shortcut to Control Panel to your Start Menu by right-clicking the Start button, choosing Explore, right-clicking on an empty area in the right-hand pane and choosing New/Folder, and typing this exactly:

CONTROLPANEL.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}

Now click Finish and your access to Control Panel just got a bit easier.

You can also access Control Panel faster by creating a shortcut to it on your Start Menu this way: In My Computer or Windows Explorer, create a new folder in the C:WINDOWS\START MENU directory, and name it "Control Panel Apps." Open Control Panel and drag one of the icons to the new folder. Windows will tell you that you cannot move or copy this item, and ask if you want to create a shortcut instead. Click Yes. Repeat this process for each icon that you want "shortcutted." On your Start menu, Control Panel Apps should appear there, with a submenu of shortcuts to each app that you chose.

Make a shortcut to Device Manager while you're streamlining. In Explorer, select C:/Windows/Start Menu. Select New, Shortcut from the File menu, and in the field labeled Command Line, type the following:

C:\WINDOWS\CONTROL.EXE SYSDM.CPL,,1

Then click Next, type Device Manager for the name of the shortcut, and press Finish. Your Start Menu will now have a direct shortcut to Device Manager. (For users with keyboards with the Windows key, press that key along with the Pause/Break key to access Device Manager. You lucky folks don't need this shortcut.)

While we're playing with the Start menu, you can change the items you've placed in it by right-clicking on the Start button and choosing Explore from the menu that appears. A double-pane Explorer window appears, letting you surf through the directory tree on the left and open the contents of the folder you choose in the right. To produce the same effect for a folder, you can either right-click on the folder and choose Explore, or hold down Shift and double-click the folder icon.

It is way, way too easy to mistakenly move files around in Explorer. Use the Edit menu's Undo function to remedy a mistaken move.

Speed up your modem's dialing by going into the Modem applet in Control Panel, selecting your modem and clicking on Properties. Open the Connection tab and click on Advanced. Enter S11=50 in the Extra Settings field. The number specifies in milliseconds the time for each tone and the delay between tones. The lower the number, the shorter the tone will last before the next one comes along.

Quickly access your System Properties panel by holding the Alt key and double-clicking My Computer.

A taskbar oddity: You might notice that with more than four or five files open, the little gray buttons get reduced in size to tiny, useless things, with additional buttons scrolling off the screen entirely. And an undocumented glitch in Win 9x sometimes disallows multiple taskbar rows, even though you've configured your display for them. There is a solution. First, increase your screen resolution to the highest that you can work with: a recent PC with a decent 15-inch or larger monitor should be able to handle 1024 x 768 without a problem. 19-inch displays should be able to handle 1152 x 864 or even 1280 x 1024. Go through Control Panel/Display/Settings to reset your display. Next, increase the height of the Taskbar so that it can show more buttons. Do this by edging your mouse arrow to the upper edge of the Taskbar; when you see the two-headed arrow, click-and-drag the Taskbar's border up to add more rows. 1024 x 768 displays should be able to deal nicely with two rows, while higher displays should be able to deal with 3 or even 4 rows. But then there's the glitch...this may not work. Win 98/ME users can configure their Quick Launch bar to get around this, but the poor peons plugging away with Win 95 can't do that.

Use "Send To:" to quickly copy files to floppy disk. Right-click the file, select Send To from the menu, and choose "3-1/2 Floppy (A)." You can add any program, folder, printer, or drive to your Send To menu by adding shortcuts to the C:\WINDOWS\SEND TO folder. Do this by opening Explorer, opening the Windows\Send To folder, selecting File, New, Shortcut, clicking Browse to locate the executable file that runs the program you're adding, typing the name of the new shortcut in the appropriate dialog box, and clicking Finish. Windows will add this entry to the Send To menu. One particularly neat trick is to add your printer to the Send To list; this way you can print documents without going through the sometimes-unnecessary step of opening them. Just open C:\WINDOWS\SENDTO and create a shortcut there for your printer. Next time you access the Send To menu, your printer will be there. (XP users, the whereabouts of the current SendTo folder depends on which user logged in to the machine. To make the SendTo folder visible, double left-click My Computer, and double left-click the hard drive which contains Windows (usually the C drive). A new Explorer Window will open. Click Tools, Folder Options, View. Under the heading "Hidden files and folders," check the "Show hidden files and folders" box. Click OK; this will bring you back to the Windows Explorer view of your C drive. Now, navigate to Documents and Settings, Current User, SendTo. Drag an application shortcut into the Send To folder. Initiate a dialogue menu from the desktop to produce your new Send To shortcut.

You can also add the Desktop to your Send To menu by placing shortcuts to the Windows\Desktop folder inside the Windows\SendTo folder. An easy way to do this is to open the Windows folder, right-click and drag the Desktop folder directly over the SendTo folder, release the mouse button, and select Create Shortcut(s) Here. You may also want to rename the new desktop shortcut now inside the SendTo folder. From now on, moving an item to the desktop can be done by simply right-clicking any file, folder, or shortcut, selecting Send To, and in the resulting list, selecting Desktop.

Copy programs to multiple floppy disks without using a file splitter program: In Windows Explorer, on the left side of the window, select the folder you want to copy. From the Edit menu click Select All. From the same Edit menu click Copy. On the left side of the window, scroll up until you see the A: drive icon. Make sure you have the first floppy disk inserted, then click the A: drive. Now go under Edit and click Paste. The file will begin copying to the floppy, and Windows will prompt you to insert the subsequent disks. You can use the Copy command to copy the file back onto another machine without having to use a file splitter.

As you install and uninstall programs, .DLL files will sprout like kudzu in your hard drive, particularly in your WINDOWS\SYSTEM folder. You can right-click on any .DLL file in Explorer and use QuickView to get the scoop on it, oftentimes enough to determine whether or not you need to keep the file or trash it (check the Import Table category). Also, there are numerous commercial, shareware and freeware programs out there that find unused .DLL files for you. Remember, when in doubt, leave the file where it is. (Win ME users don't have QuickView, nor will the earlier versions work with Millennium. A good alternative is OnTrack's PowerDeskPro, a $20 goodie from www.ontrack.com/.

If you're sure you won't use disk compression, save the hard drive space by deleting DRVSPACE.BIN. If you find DBLSPACE.BIN, delete it, too. If you have compressed files (not zipped files ending in .ZIP), do not delete DriveSpace! These files can be found in your \WINDOWS\COMMAND folder.

If you have 24mb or more of RAM, you can optimize your file system by going through Control Panel/System/Properties, tabbing into File System, and setting Read Ahead to maximum.

Are you sure you're running a purely 32-bit system? Right-click My Computer, select Properties, and click on Performance. You'll see a listing of all the major subsystems of your computer. Ideally, they should all show as 32-bit (or Not Installed). Look for the phrase "Your System Is Configured for Optimal Performance." If you see any 16-bit drivers, or the phrase "Some Drives Are Using MS-DOS Compatibility," it means that Windows doesn't support some hardware or software being used in that subsystem. Hardware can possibly be reconfigured by getting updated 32-bit drivers from the vendors (check their Web site, their BBS, or call them directly). Software problems are often caused by older versions of disk compression products like Stacker or large-disk software like Disk Manager.

Some people find it worthwhile to speed up their Start menu: To speed up the Start Menu: Start REGEDIT (Start/Run, type REGEDIT and hit return). Now search for the word desktop. (Edit/Find...). This should be in HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ {00021400.... Right-click on the right panel. Pick NEW \ String Value. Name it MenuShowDelay, all one word. Select a value from 1-10, 1 being the fastest. It's your choice; I'd try something around 5 and experiment from there. Now exit REGEDIT and restart Windows. If you just plain hate the Start menu, check out the Route 1 Pro utility at www.creativelement.com/software/route1.html. Route 1 is an $18 shareware program that replaces the Start menu with a button bar interface. I can't vouch for this program personally, so if it scrubs Windows, don't blame me. (Note to the above Registry hack: Windows XP and 2K users already have a similar Registry key installed under HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ ControlPanel \Desktop \ MenuShowDelay , with a default setting of 400. Feel free to lower the value.)

Like to download compressed digital video clips like .AVI files? Figure on about 30mb of disk space per minute of playing time.

Use some neat Alt+ keyboard shortcuts to your machine. Holding down the Alt key while double-clicking My Computer opens the System Properties dialog box, and doing the same with My Network Places or Network Neighborhood opens your Network Connections box. Alt+double-clicking the Recycle Bin opens the Recycle Bin Properties dialog box. Alt+single-clicking an icon in your Quick Launch toolbar gives you the Properties dialog box for that program; same goes for Desktop, Links, and custom toolbar icons. Some versions of Windows will let you Alt+double-click the speaker icon in the System Tray to access the Volume Control; doing the same to the clock gives you access to the Date/Time Properties. Alt+double-clicking most drive, folder, and file icons gives you their Properties dialog boxes as well.

<>Crank Up Program Performance

Having trouble uninstalling a program? That's all of us at some point or another. Some programs don't uninstall cleanly no matter what you do; they're just badly designed. One of the most frequent, and annoying, uninstall interruptions comes when your machine can't find the "install log." Here's how to get rid of a program that lacks a healthy INSTALL.LOG file. Start by finding the program path and file name. Right-click on the program's shortcut and select Properties. Take note of the Target field, which has the complete path. Now disable the program's ability to load automatically by selecting Start, Run, and typing MSCONFIG in the Run field. Press Enter. (Those of us with Windows 95 or 2000 will need to download Startup Control Panel from www.mlin.com/ to obtain this capability.) Go to the Startup tab and deselect anything having to do with the program and its program path, and click OK. Break the file associations by going into Windows Explorer, selecting View, Folder Options (or Tools, Folder Options if you're in Win98/XP) and select the File Types tab. Look for file types associated with your program. After finding an association, either change its association to another program or delete it. Now, the final, and hardest, step: cleaning the Registry. In Start, Run, type REGEDIT and press Enter. Be very careful from here on out: the Registry is an unforgiving place! On the left side of the editor, look for HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ APPLICATIONS, click the + next to this key, right-click the subkey matching the program's file name, select Delete, then Yes. Now, go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ SOFTWARE and look for a subkey matching the vendor name or anything related to your bugger program. Click the + by the vendor name to view the subkeys. (If there are subkeys for other programs you're not deleting, then delete only the subkey for the program itself.) If there are no other programs you're keeping, then delete the vendor key. Repeat these steps for HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE key. Select My Computer at the top of Registry Editor's left pane, press Ctrl + F, and enter C:\PROGRAM FILES\ANNOY (or whatever your offending file's path is). Check all the options under Look At, click on Next or Find Next. If there's a match, delete the key, and press F3 to continue searching until you have found all matches. Close Registry Editor, delete the program's folder and shortcuts. You're done!

Win XP users may be familiar with the message that tells you a new program is installed. Sometimes you have so many programs installed that you can't even see the new program. One way to handle this little irritant is to use a single-column scrolling menu. Right-click on the taskbar, click on Properties, and choose the Start menu tab. You'll see two buttons titled Customize; click on the one that's not disabled. If you see an Advanced tab in the resulting dialog, click on it. In the scrolling list of options, check the box titled Scroll Programs. Now your Programs menu will display as a single column, with arrows at the top and bottom to scroll through the options. If your Programs menu is so big that it extends off-screen in multicolumn mode, however, you may find that it takes too long to scroll up and down in single-column mode. Either way, you can benefit by organizing the Programs menu. Right-click on the Start button and choose Explore; this will display the Start Menu folder in Windows Explorer. Open the Programs folder (which directly corresponds to the Programs menu). Within this folder, each subfolder represents a submenu, and each shortcut represents a menu item. Find a group of folders or shortcuts that all fit the same category. Right-click on the right-hand pane, choose New | Folder from the menu, and name the folder for that category. Now drag all of the matching folders and shortcuts into the new folder. Right-click on the Start button again, but this time choose Explore All Users from the menu. Open the Programs folder again and check for folders or shortcuts that should go into the submenu you just created. If you find any, create another subfolder with precisely the same name and drag those folders and shortcuts into it. This is necessary because Windows XP builds the visible Start menu from both your personal items and the All Users items. By moving related items into a submenu, you've reduced the size of the main Programs menu. Repeat the process for more groups of related items until you've brought the Programs menu down to a reasonable size. Note, however, that moving program file shortcuts can have an annoying side effect: When you uninstall a program, it won't remove file shortcuts that aren't in the usual locations. Keep this in mind when you uninstall a program, and double-check to make sure dead shortcuts are deleted.

You can change what application launches a particular type of file easily enough, but you might want to have more than one program associated with a particular type of file. For instance, you usually open HTML files in a Web browser, but on occasion you'll want to open them in an HTML editor or text editor. In Windows ME, 2K, and XP, you can make this change on the fly. Right-click the document icon and choose "Open With" or "Open With," "Choose Program." Select your application from the list. If it isn't there, click Browse or Other, navigate to and select the desired application, and click Open. Don't click "Always use this program to open these files" check box. The application you use will appear on the Open With submenu the next time you click a file of that type. NT and 9x users can download OpenExpert 1.40 from www.baxbex.com/products.html; this utility allows 9x/NT users to do the same. (The program is $20 for corporate users but free for us slobs.)

Tired of fighting with Notepad's limitations (no search-and-replace, incapable of dealing with text files over 54k), you can download any number of replacements such as NoteMaid or Notepad+, or you can use the remarkably full-featured MS-DOS Editor that you already own. It's called EDIT.COM and can be launched from the DOS prompt or from Start/Run. It's not perfect; it doesn't have word wrap and it doesn't make page numbers, but it works nicely for small, easily managed text files, particularly .INI and .BAT files.

Notepad can do a couple of tricks, however. Insert the current date/time into any document by locating the cursor and pressing F5. To force Notepad to display the current date and time in a document every time it's opened, open the file, type .LOG on the first line, then save and close it. Every time it's reopened, it will display the current date and time.

WordPad is a nifty upgrade to MSWrite with one major flaw: it can't delete files written under it. Delete files for WordPad in Windows Explorer or My Computer.

Win 95 users, forget about using MS Exchange. Microsoft long ago abandoned this bug-ridden clunker in favor of Outlook Express in MSIE 4.0, but just because you don't want MSIE doesn't mean you're stuck with Exchange (or its slightly better-looking sister Windows Messaging, now equally outdated). You can use Internet Mail and News provided with MSIE 3.02 and above. It's faster, compatible with more Internet servers, and easy to set up and use, but still out of date. The only reason to keep using Exchange/Windows Messaging is if you use a third-party fax or mail add-on that requires it. (Outlook Express users, you need the patch recently made available by Microsoft; read up on it at www.microsoft.com/security/bulletins/ms98-008.htm.) Does anyone still use MS Exchange? Hmmm. Lots of good, cheap (or free) e-mail clients are available out there that smoke the old fogeys, including the mail clients included with Netscape and Opera, among others.

Some programs automatically launch at start-up because they slip a shortcut into your StartUp folder. If you don't want them to do this, right-click on your Start button, select Open, double-click the Programs folder, then the StartUp folder. Delete shortcuts you don't want (right-click the shortcut and select Delete.) You're not deleting the program, just the shortcut.

Sometimes you need to know the file path or the file extensions of a program. Windows likes to hide them from you (newer versions of Windows even gives you smarmy warnings telling you how you'd be better off not seeing the hidden files), but you can make it tell. In Windows ME and XP, you go into Explorer and click either the "Show the contents of this folder" or "View the entire contents of this folder." XP may try to make things difficult for you; choose Tools, Folder Options and make sure the "Show common tasks in folders" box is selected in the General tab. You can turn all the warnings off in XP by going into Tools, Folder Options and clicking the View tab; once there, go under Advanced Settings and check the box marked "Display the contents of system folders." In earlier versions of Windows, go into either Explorer or My Computer, choose View, Options, and click on the View tab. Click the "Show All Files" or "Show hidden files and folders" button under Advanced Settings (you may need to double-click the "Hidden files" or "Hidden files and folders" icon. Uncheck the box that hides MS-DOS extensions. To lock this choice down, find a file in the Windows folder called DESKTOP.INI, select it, press F2 to rename it, and rename it OLD DESKTOP.INI. If you like, click View, Options, and select the single-window choice on the Folders tab. Myself, I leave these files bared all the time, but if you have little computer hooligans around who like to play in your file structure, change it back when you're not around to limit the potential for destruction. (You can also see both long and short DOS names of any file or program by right-clicking its icon and selecting Properties.)

Speaking of file paths, who enjoys squinting at the screen trying to type a file path? Not me. Here's an easier way to get Windows to do the typing for you: find the icon for the file whose path you want to know, then select Start, Run (or press Win+R). Press the backspace or delete key to get rid of whatever's in the dialog box, and drag the file icon to the text box. The entire path appears in the text box. Right-click the path, choose Select All, right-click again, choose Copy, and you can paste a properly typed path name wherever you want it.

Quick View is one of the most useful, and least used, utilities provided with Win 95. With it, you can scope out a file without launching it -- a nifty capability in these days of viruses everywhere you look. You can beef up Quick View's abilities with a variety of file viewing tools such as Quick View Plus (marketed by Inso, the same outfit that provided the original Quick View to Microsoft), Drag & View (shareware available from www.canyonsw.com), KeyView Pro, etc. (Office 97 users know that they can't use Quick View from an Office 97 app; they can update to Office 2000, they can use Quick View Plus, or they can download free Word and Excel viewers from www.microsoft.com/office/viewers to view Office 97 files.) Unfortunately, only Win 95 users have Quick View bundled into their system; everyone else will need to, and ought to, consider purchasing Jascit from www.jasc.com/.

You can make Quick View an easier tool to use by creating a shortcut to it. Just right-click on an empty area of the desktop and choose New/Shortcut. Browse to
C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\VIEWERS\QUIKVIEW.EXE (or just type this line into the command line) and click OK. Now with your brand new shortcut, all you have to do is drag&drop a file's icon onto the shortcut to have it open under Quick View.

There are some commercial programs out there that can save your hind end in case of major disaster. The best, and correspondingly most expensive, is Ontrack's Easy Recovery, a $195 goodie that can resurrect all but the most irretrievable data. PowerQuest's Lost and Found works similar magic to Easy Recovery, and only costs $69, but it can only be used once, then it lobotomizes itself. Annoying. Norton and McAfee both market utility programs, discussed above, that go a ways towards recovering lost data, but neither do as good a job as the more expensive programs. Now, if you absolutely must have the lost data, and none of these programs will get it back, there are retrieval services in the Yellow Pages (or at least listed online, such as the boys at www.drivesavers.com/) that will send technical wizards to your house or office to perform their magic -- but it ain't cheap. Start thinking in terms of thousands of dollars, and start thinking of ways to prevent these problems.

MS Office users may find their PC's slowing down every couple of hours while their hard drive chugs madly away. This is Office's Find Files utility building indexes for all of its apps, including Word and Excel. It updates its indexes every 2 hours by default. Those with slow PC's may find themselves annoyed enough to do something about this: they can either disable Fast Find altogether (from the Fast Files icon in Control Panel, delete the existing indexes by double-clicking the icon, then selecting Index/Delete Index; then from the "In and below" drop-down list, select an index and choose OK; repeat till done. Then exit, go to Windows Explorer, go through Windows\Start Menu\Programs\StartUp to find the Find Fast Indexer, and delete it); kill Fast Find forever by running Office's setup and have it remove the utility (check WINDOWS\SYSTEM to see if the file FINDFAST.CPL is there, and if so, delete it); update the indexes manually (double-click the Find Fast icon in Control Panel, choose Index/Create Index to make a new index for a hard disk or folder, type the path in the "In and below" box, select the file types you want indexed from the "Of type" drop-down box, make sure that "Continue to update automatically" is not checked, and click OK; you'll need to do this periodically to ensure that the indexes are up-to-date) or, in Office97 only, change the update interval (double-click the Find Fast icon, choose Index/Update Interval, and type an interval in hours: typing 168 tells it to update once a week; click OK).

Office users, wouldn't you love to get rid of Doofus the Office Assistant? Restore sanity to your Office Help functions by locating the OFFICE\ACTORS folder (check first in C:\PROGRAM FILES\MICROSOFT OFFICE\OFFICE\ACTORS, or hunt down related .ACT files with the Find function). Create a new subfolder called ACTFILES. Move all files with the .ACT extension into ActFiles. This neutralizes the Office Assistant and forces Help to work without all the foofaraw. Putting the .ACT folders back where they were reopens the stage act. If you love the Office Assistant and want more Assistance, surf over to www.officeupdate.microsoft.com/index.html#updates for new and different Assistants.

Doofus the Office Assistant has sent some of his annoying relatives to traipse around Windows XP in the Search Companion feature. The four little creatures may liven up your searching, but they don't really do anything. Turn off the critters by choosing the Change Preferences option. When that menu appears, choose "Without an Animated Screen Character" to either purge the thing or choose another character from the same page.

Speaking of menus for applications, a lot of apps, particularly the big beasties from Microsoft such as Office, "personalize" your menus by hiding the entries that get used less frequently. If, like me, you get tired of your menus hiding their entries from you, go into these programs' Tools menu, click Customize, and check "Always show full menus." Click Close, and nothing will hide from you again.

You can use some utilities such as Norton's Speed Disk to place frequently used files near the beginning of the hard disk, so that Windows finds them quickly.

Win 98/ME users have a nifty little image viewing program called Imaging that Microsoft bought through Wang, and now drives some Kodak software. Go through Accessories to find it; if it isn't there, add it through Add/Remove in the Control Panel under Accessories.

Wang has also provided Microsoft Fax with imaging software, Wang Imaging for Windows, to enhance fax viewing and editing capability, along with a program to work with a scanner. Check it out at www.microsoft.com/windows95/info/wang.htm.

Some programs will insert out-of-date information in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file which will slow your system down. If you have a line including SHARE.EXE or SMARTDRV.EXE, these refer to older programs not used by Windows; both the lines and the programs themselves should be deleted.

Automate some Windows functions with old-fashioned DOS batch files just like Grandma used to make. While this isn't going to be a batch file creation tutorial, I can tell you a few useful tidbits. Notepad is an excellent batch file creation tool; just select the type All Files (*.*) and give your file name the extension .BAT. Edit a batch file by right-clicking the file in Explorer and selecting Edit; this opens it up in Notepad. Batch files expect Windows to support multitasking, so if you want to make sure that one program has exited before the batch file starts another one, add the command START /W (for "wait.") Add the command CLS as the last line of your batch file to close its window when the program has finished. The S should not even have a return after it. Careful, this doesn't work in some (i.e. newer) versions of Windows, particularly XP.

Some apps, particularly older programs, won't behave under Win 95. To rein them in, select Start/Run, type MKCOMPAT in the box, select File/Choose Program, select the program that won't behave, and click on the behaviors you'd like to induce, such as "Win 3.1 style controls."

<>Clean Up Your Hard Drive

Win 95 and (some) 98 users, clean out some space hoggers. You've got some hand-holding videos for novices in C:\WINDOWS\HELP, but they gobble megabytes. If you don't need 'em, go to that folder and delete all the .AVI files. If you installed Win 95 over Win 3.x, and don't intend to use the old Windows anymore, go through Add/Remove Programs, highlight the Old Windows/MS-DOS line and click Remove. Also, if you installed Win 95 over Win 3.x, two monster space-hogging files can be deleted, W95UNDO.DAT and W95UNDO.INI. Can't find them? Show your hidden files by going into Explorer and choosing Tools, Options, View, Show All Files.

Win 98 and ME users have a meg of space wasted with "Online Services," a folder hidden in Program Files that contains more-or-less useless material about services available on the Net (my version has files for AOL, AT&T, Earthlink, and Prodigy). Delete it by going through the Add/Remove applet if necessary (look under Windows Setup), then drag the shortcut from your Desktop to the Recycle Bin.

Windows 98 and ME users can go through Disk Cleanup (accessed through Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Disk Cleanup) to reclaim some space. Choose it and select the C: drive if it isn't already selected. Now check the following sources: Temporary Internet Files, Downloaded Program Files, Recycle Bin and Temporary Files. Click OK. This should clean up a bit of trash.

If you've updated from an older version of Windows to either 2K or XP, you have a bunch of unwanted gunk to get rid of as well. Most can be deleted through Control Panel: in XP, go through your Add/Remove Programs applet and click the Add/Remove Windows Components icon to open the Windows Components Wizard. (The process is similar in 2K, but you'll need to log on as the Administrator.) Check or uncheck items to install or remove them. Sometimes you can fine-tune your choices by selecting an item, such as "Accessories and Utilities," and clicking Details. Sometimes there are Details in each component; click to find out. Click OK until you get to the Windows Components Wizard, and choose Next to follow the rest of the prompts and lock in your choices. Unfortunately, some XP/2K components can't be handled so easily. If you want to lose Windows Media Player, Hyperterminal, and Pinball, go through Windows Explorer, choose Tools, Folder Options, and click View. Go under Advanced Settings and make sure the "Show hidden files and folders" option is selected. Now navigate to the INF subfolder of your C:\WINDOWS or C:\WINNT folder and look inside the INF folder. If you find a file called SYSOC.INF, save a backup copy to your Desktop and then double-click it to open it in Notepad. You'll see several lines under the "Components" heading that include the word "hide." To make all possible components visible, choose Edit, Replace, type "hide" (without the quotes) in the Find What box, and leave the Replace With box empty. Click Replace All and then the Cancel button to close the window. Exit the file and choose Yes to save it. Once the file is saved, return to Add/Remove Programs and select Add/Remove Windows Components. This list, and the nested lists within some items, should have more entries than before. Now you can decide what stays and what goes.

Windows XP users need to take care of their Prefetch catalog. While "prefetch" is a new and very useful technique in Windows XP, after using the system for a while, the prefetch directory can get full of junk and obsolete links in the Prefetch catalog, which can slow down your computer notable. Open your system drive (i.e. the C: drive), go to the Windows folder, find the Prefetch foldier, delete those junk and obsolete files, and then reboot. Do it once a month.

NT and XP users, if you've been looking for a way to remove Windows Messenger (not MSN Messenger) or other Windows components that don't show in the Add or Remove Programs applet, here's how. Windows keeps a list of components in a file called SYSOC.INF in C:\WINDOWS\INF. Some of the entries under the [Components] heading, among them the line for Messenger, include the word HIDE. To make them visible to the Add or Remove Programs applet so that you can remove them, you have to delete the instruction to hide them. First, make sure that Windows Explorer is set to display hidden files (in Windows Explorer, choose Tools, Folder Options, then the View tab, and set the option to "Show hidden files and folders." Also remove the check from the check box labeled "Hide protected operating system files (Recommended).") After clicking OK, you can navigate to the C:\WINDOWS\INF folder. Open SYSOC.INF in Notepad and find the line MSMSGS=MSGROCM.DLL,OCENTRY,MSMSGS.INF,HIDE,7. Delete the word HIDE, being careful to leave the commas. Save and close the file. Next, go to the Control Panel, choose Add or Remove Programs, and when the applet opens, choose Add/Remove Windows Components. Windows Messenger should now appear in the list. You can make other hidden components appear in the applet by following the same steps.

highlight box Windows Messenger is normally used by system administrators to warn network users of shutdowns and problems, and the like. But now a program called DirectAdvertiser is allowing spammers to use this utility to send pop-up ads over the Internet directly to your computer, bypassing your browser and anti-spam utilities. Aarrgh! If this is happening to you, turn off Windows Messenger through Control Panel. Read up on it at www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/10/21/pop.upspam.ap/index.html.

Desktop Tweaks
 

highlight box Ever notice that Windows forcibly rearranges your Desktop icons the way it wants, no matter how you've arranged them? A little $15 goodie will make your icons stay where they're told. Download EZDesk 1.8 from users.aol.com/EzDesk95/ A more hands-on solution involves your editing the Registry: First, set up everything the way you want it. Then select Run from the Start menu, type in REGEDIT and press Enter. In the Registry Editor, find HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ Policies \ Explorer. Right-click in the right pane and select New/DWORD. Rename the value NoSaveSettings and press the Enter key. Right-click on the new NoSaveSettings item and select Modify. Enter the number 1 in the Value data box. Click on OK and Exit. Now, whenever you restart Windows, your settings will return to their current state. It's a bit easier to make your desktop icons line up on the right instead of the left: right-click the desktop, turn off Auto Arrange, then highlight all the icons you want to move to the right side and drag-and-drop them to their new location. When you're done, right-click the desktop again and select Line Up Icons.

An obscure little tweak will allow you to adjust the spacing between the icons on your Desktop or in folder or Explorer windows. Right-click the Desktop and choose Properties, Appearance. Note the starting number. Click on the down arrow under Item and select Icon Spacing (Vertical). Adjusting the size down moves the icons closer together, while upwards increases their spacing. Click on Apply to check your adjustments, then take a look at the results. Repeat the process for Icon Spacing (Horizontal). Since horizontal and vertical adjustments affect each other, be prepared to play with it for a while. (Screen resolution also has a significant impact on icon spacing.)

Windows XP gives a new look to your old programs, with a Win XP–style frame and rounded title bar containing rounded buttons. The part inside the frame doesn't change, however, and may even look a bit odd. There's an easy way to force a particular program to use the Win XP–style common controls (buttons, check boxes, and so on): add a manifest file to the program's folder. A manifest file is an XML file of a particular format that details the resources a program should use. The XML code below tells Windows XP that the program the code references can handle the Win XP–specific common controls. Simply save the code in the same folder as the program, giving the file the same name as the executable but with .MANIFEST appended -— FUBAR.EXE.MANIFEST, for example. Write the code in Notepad and give it a whirl.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
standalone="yes"?>
<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"
manifest Version="1.0">
<assemblyIdentity
version="1.0.0.0"
processorArchitecture="x86"
name="Name"
type="win32" />
<description>Description </description>
<dependency>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity type="win32"
name="Microsoft.Windows .Common-Controls"
version="6.0.0.0"
publicKeyToken="6595b64144ccf1df"
language="*"
processorArchitecture="x86"/>
</dependentAssembly>
</dependency>
</assembly>
The next time you launch the program, it will use Win XP–style common controls. Be warned: Some programs aren't compatible with the new controls, which is why Win XP doesn't apply them automatically. If there's any problem, delete the manifest file.

<>Keyboard and Mouse Enhancements
 

Got a neat keyboard with a Windows key on it? Use these shortcuts (WK here stands for Windows Key; some of these shortcuts work in Internet Explorer and Outlook also):

  • WK by itself displays the Start menu (a favorite of cats who walk over your keyboard)
  • WK+BREAK (or WK+PAUSE) displays system properties
  • WK+TAB cycles through the taskbar buttons
  • WK+F1 opens Help (move through the list of topics and articles by using Tab, or Shift+Tab to go backwards; click a hyperlink by moving to the item and hitting Enter)
  • WK+C opens the Correction dialog
  • WK+D minimizes or restores all windows
  • WK+E starts Windows Explorer, focused on My Computer (in XP, it opens My Computer directly)
  • WK+F opens Find: All Files
  • WK+H turns Handwriting Recognition on or off
  • WK+L locks your computer and hides the screen (XP only)
  • WK+M minimizes all open windows
  • WK+Q switches you through the various users of the computer (Powertoys only); hold down the Windows key and continue to tap the Q key to scroll
  • WK+SHIFT+M undoes the open window minimize
  • WK+R displays the Run dialog box
  • WK+T switches the Language bar between Voice Command and Dictation mode
  • WK+V turns the microphone on or off
  • CTRL+WK+F starts Find Files (or Search Files)

More keyboard shortcuts: Cycle through multiple open programs by holding down the Alt key and pressing Tab (this is a very useful version of Task Switcher). To change your mind without switching to another app, press Esc and let go of both keys. Alt+Esc automatically chooses the next listed app on Task Switcher's list. Maximize any window by double-clicking the title bar. Doing it to an already-maximized window restores it to its previous state. Access menu items by pressing Alt, then the underlined letter of the item you want to open. Items without underlined letters usually use their first letters. If more than one menu item has the same letter underlined, press the first letter repeatedly until the item you want is highlighted. In dialog boxes, pressing Alt and an underlined letter either moves you to that option or executes a command button. Ctrl+Esc opens the Start menu. Most every dialog box lets you cycle through the options by pressing Tab or Ctrl+Tab. Shift+Tab, or Ctrl+Shift+Tab, reverses the direction of cycling. Activate dialog boxes' drop-down menus by using Tab to highlight the appropriate choice and then hitting F4. With option buttons, the arrow keys take you from one to the next. Lots of text and e-mail programs use the same shortcuts: Ctrl+left arrow moves you one word to the left; Ctrl+right arrow one word to the right; Ctrl+Home takes you to the top of the document; Ctrl+End takes you to the bottom; PageUp moves you up one screen; PageDown moves you one screen down. Almost all Windows apps use Shift as a selector key: Press Shift and an arrow key to select (highlight) characters one at a time. Ctrl+Shift+arrow does it one word at a time. To select a chunk, click a spot in a text, then move to another spot, hold Shift down, and click again; the program will select everything between the two spots. Open an item's Context menu by selecting the item and pressing Shift+F10. To minimize an open window, press Alt+Spacebar+N; maximize it with Alt+Spacebar+X. Close an active window with Alt+Spacebar+C; restore a closed active window with Alt+Spacebar+R. Close a document window with Ctrl+F4 and close an application with Alt+F4. In Explorer, use F3 to start a Find, with the Look In feature pointing to whichever folder or device that's selected. Expand all the subfolders of a selected drive in Explorer by pressing the asterisk key in the numeric keypad; there is no way to close them all again. Refresh the desktop by pressing F5. Got a lot of subfolders open (windows within windows within windows)? Close 'em all by holding down the Shift key as you click the X box in the right top, or with the last window activated, press Alt+Shift+F4. Access the Close Program menu, along with the task list, by the familiar Ctrl+Alt+Del. And that strange "menu" key on many Microsoft keyboards between the right Windows key and the Ctrl key performs the same function as right-clicking the mouse; the Shift+F10 combination also acts as a right-click.

Win XP has done away with the underlined letters in its menus. They are actually there, if you know how to reactivate them. To do so, right-click the Desktop, choose Properties, and click the Appearance tab. Click the Effects button and remove the check mark from the line, "Hide Underlined Letters for Keyboard Navigation Until I Press The Alt Key." The underlines all appear, ready for shortcuts.

Have a keyboard that lacks a Windows key? You can create one using Microsoft's Kernel Toys for Win 95, available from www.microsoft.com/windows95/info/kerneltoys.htm. Download and install the Win 95 Keyboard Remap program by opening KEYREMAP.EXE, right-clicking KEYREMAP.INF, and selecting Install. Now, go through Control Panel/Keyboard Properties and select Remap. Under Right-Hand Side, choose a key you'd like to designate as the Windows key (right-ALT is often a good choice) in the left-hand box. In the right-hand box (still under Right Side), choose Windows. Click OK and you now have a Windows key. This works under all the 9x/ME flavors.

Hmmm, there's a strange key between the right-hand Windows key and the Ctrl key; the picture on it looks like a menu with an arrow. It's called the Application key, and pressing it displays the shortcut menu for whatever item is currently selected. It doesn't work with all apps; you'll need to play with it to find out when it is useful.

Keyboard macros are another neat way to speed up your keyboard inputting (otherwise called typing, heh heh). You can use three utilities, all mentioned above in the shareware section of this site, to make some easy-to-use macros and really crank your input speed. What exactly is a macro? It's a keyboard shortcut that tells the computer to type in a pre-selected string of keystrokes, mouse clicks, and so forth. For example, if I have a macro assigned to the keyboard combo Ctrl+F9, I hold down the Control key, press F9, and presto! My name, address, and phone number, along with the proper paragraph breaks, zooms onto my screen. This one is good for people who type a lot of letters and don't use letterheads. Of course, you can have anything programmed into your macros: e-mail info, HTML code, long-winded boilerplate phrases ("Thank you for your interest in this position. Unfortunately, your job skills do not meet the needs....") or whatever you need. There's a blue million macro creation programs out there, but one of the easiest to use is TypeItIn, a freebie that allows you to create up to 50 macros and use them with absurd ease. WinKeys, another freebie that's easy to use, uses your Windows key to make macros. For the more sophisticated macro user, QuicKeys is an excellent, highly recommended utility. A caveat: elaborate macros full of keyboard and mouse inputs sometimes screw up. Macros work best when they are simple. And for the non-macro type, there are some shortcuts you might like to know about. MSIE 5's AutoComplete feature keeps a history of every Web and e-mail address typed into it; just place your cursor in the address field and left-click, and then pick and choose from the drop-down list. You can even delete entries that you don't want others to see, or just trim the list when it gets too big, just by placing the cursor over an unwanted entry and pressing Delete. Get a listing of available free- and shareware macro programs from my Macro Utilities page.

You can use macro-like keyboard shortcuts to open applications, documents, files, Control Panel applets, or Web addresses. You can assign a key sequence to a Windows shortcut only, not to any other kind of file. (This is all kinda tricky, so pay attention.)

  1. Create a shortcut to the item you want to open by opening Explorer, finding the program's icon or file within the file tree (you might have to hunt), and using the right mouse button to drag&drop its icon somewhere handy, either on the desktop or in a folder within the Start Menu folder (found within your Windows folder). Choose "Create Shortcut Here" from the menu that appears.
  2. Right-click the shortcut and choose "Properties" (or select the shortcut and press Alt+Enter). Make sure the Shortcut tab is in front. Click the "Shortcut key" box and press whatever shortcut key combination you want to give your new shortcut. You usually have to use a combination of Ctrl+Alt, Ctrl+Shift, Alt+Shift, or Ctrl+Alt+Shift, to begin your shortcut (and you can't use the Windows key, more's the pity). Once you see your shortcut displayed in the box, click OK.
  3. Example: you want to assign a shortcut to your Calculator. You decide on Ctrl+Alt+C. You know, or you figure out, that the Calculator program is listed as CALC.EXE in the Windows folder. Open Explorer, go into the Windows folder, and find CALC.EXE's icon. Shrink Explorer so that a chunk of empty desktop shows, right-click CALC's icon, and drag it into this empty space. Choose "Create Shortcut Here" from the menu that appears.
  4. Good news for the impatient: using the Function keys (F1 through F12) means you don't have to use the Ctrl, Alt, or Shift keys as part of your shortcut. You can also use keys from your numeric keypad as one-key shortcuts, but you shouldn't do this if you use your numeric keypad to enter data. Numeric keys appear in the box as "Num 1," "Num 2," etc. These only work when NumLock is pressed.
  5. If you have more than a very few of these shortcuts, don't be surprised when you start to lose track of them. Keep all of these handy shortcuts in a single folder. An easy way to do this is to right-click the "Start" button, choose "Explore," select the "Programs" icon in the tree pane on the left to open the Programs folder, and right-click in an empty area in the right pane. Choose "New/Folder." Name it "Keyboard Shortcuts" (without the quotation marks) and press Enter. Keep all of your hand-made shortcuts here for easy access and reference. To make things even easier on your strained brain, make the key sequence part of the shortcut name. For example, using our Calculator example, select the shortcut, press F2 to rename it, and name it "Calculator Ctrl+Alt+C" (without the quotes, of course).
  6. To get rid of a shortcut key sequence from a shortcut, open its Properties sheet to the Shortcut tab as before, click the "Shortcut key" box, and press Delete. Then click OK.

Does this come across as a pain? Yup, but when you're done, your frequently used apps will be so much easier to launch, the pain may well be worth it.

What exactly does the Scroll Lock key do? Besides setting off an internal warning that tells the PC, "Scroll Lock is on," not much. A few apps, such as some spreadsheets, put the key to use, usually by changing the effect of the arrow keys. For most other programs, nada.

Some Explorer shortcuts: the left arrow collapses the current selection if expanded, and selects the parent folder. The right arrow expands the current selection and selects the first subfolder. Pressing NUM LOCK+MINUS (the - key on the numeric keypad) collapses only the selected folder. The NUM LOCK+* (on the numeric keypad) expands all folders under the current selection, while NUM LOCK +PLUS (again on the numeric keypad) expands only the selected folder. Pressing F6 switches among left and right panes and menu bars.

Mouse-haters, check out the keyboard options in Accessibility Options under Control Panel. Under the Mouse tab, check the Use MouseKeys tab and click OK. Now, when NumLock is on, the numeric pad performs many mouse functions. Left-click by pressing 5; double-click by pressing +; right-click by pressing - and 5 together. Ins and Del can be used to hold and release the mouse for dragging. Other goodies are the FilterKeys (makes Windows ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, or slows the repeat rate), StickyKeys (allows you to use Shift, Ctrl, or Alt keys without holding them down), and ToggleKeys (enabling tones to be played when you press Caps Lock, Num Lock, and Scroll Lock). The High Contrast setting has Windows use colors and fonts that facilitate easy viewing. Switch the following on or off: FilterKeys by holding down Right Shift 8 times; High Contrast by holding down Left Alt+Left Shift+Print Screen; MouseKeys by holding down Left Alt+Left Shift+Num Lock; StickyKeys by hitting Shift 5 times in a row; and Toggle Keys by hitting Num Lock 5 times in a row. Read the general help file under Accessibility and then select Shortcut keys for accessibility features. If you're that dead set against using a mouse, consider buying and installing a trackball.

If you like the ALT shortcuts (the underlined letters in the menus), you may be taken aback to find that they're not available in XP. Yes, they are, but you have to enable them. Right-click the Desktop, choose Properties, and click the Appearance tab. Click the Effects button and remove the check mark from the line, "Hide Underlined Letters for Keyboard Navigation Until I Press The Alt Key." The underlines all appear, ready for shortcuts.

To have a tone warn you when you hit CapsLock or NumLock, and possibly prevent you entering erroneous input, go through Control Panel, Accessibility, select Use Toggle Keys, and click OK.

If you have trouble keeping up with that itty-bitty cursor arrow (I have this problem on laptops), turn on Pointer Trails to make the arrow leave spacey "trails" behind it for easy location of the cursor. Go into the Mouse applet in Control Panel and click the Motion tab. Select "Show Pointer Trail," and decide whether you want a Short trail, a Long one, or somewhere in the middle. (Experiment all you like.) Click OK and see how you like it. Not only will this fascinate your acid-casualty hippie friends, but it makes that little cursor a lot easier to find. You can also modify the arrow's size by going into the Mouse applet, clicking on Pointers, clicking on the drop-down Scheme menu, and choosing from 3D, Animated Hourglass, Large, and Extra Large.

Left-handed users can reverse the mouse buttons through the Mouse icon in Control Panel. You can also turn on the "trails" option for the cursor, which some users, particularly laptop users, prefer.

Speaking of lefties, you can get keyboards designed for left-handed users from Dalco Electronics. Left-handed mousses are relatively common, with Logitech and Kensington, among others, offering several models.

You can even configure your PC to use two mice, or a mouse and a trackball, or two trackballs, if you like. A Y-mouse adapter is available from www.ymouse.com/, among other places, that supports mice, trackballs, and even touch pads. The most common way to do it is to place one device on either side of the computer and switch off from one to the other, and some gamers really like the dual inputs. It's also a good idea from an ergonomic standpoint.

If you're brave, you can reconfigure your mouse button assignments by going through the Registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER \ControlPanel \ MicrosoftInputDevices \ Mouse . The settings are all stored as DWORD values. You can access the values and change them...if you know what you're doing. Be careful, and bone up on what hex numbers change what behavior, before trying anything here.

Make Your CD Drive Behave
 

Ever wonder why the hard disk or CD drive is active even when nothing is going on? (Technowonks call this "thrashing.") You can reduce this, and make your computer run more efficiently, by doing this: Defrag your hard drive. Then, go to Control Panel/System/Performance, and click the Virtual Memory button. Select the option "Let me specify my own virtual memory settings." Select the disk partition where you want your virtual memory, then type in the same value for Minimum and Maximum. If you have a 16MB machine, set the value at 40MB; for a 32MB system, set it at 80MB. "Cool-boot" or restart your computer. (Warning: Setting your computer like this puts an additional strain on your system resources. Be careful, and be ready to reset the computer back. Lucky sods with 64MB or more of memory, you shouldn't have to worry about this.)

"Spindown" is a related annoyance that makes you wait while the inactive CD drive has to spin itself back to speed. Even users with lightning-fast CD drives get plagued with this one. Toshiba CD owners can use the add-in to Control Panel called CoolLittleTool, available from ftp://dpd/CoolLittleTool.exe or ftp://195.4.1.253/. Plextor CD owners can use the Plextor Manager 96 utility thoughtfully provided with their software. Owners of other CD drives may find Spindown useful, accessible from www.ncf.carleton.ca/~aa571/Software.htm.

Open and close your CD-ROM tray from the keyboard by right-clicking the CD drive icon in My Computer or Explorer and selecting Eject. Play an audio CD by right-clicking the icon and selecting Play (you'll have to insert the CD into the tray yourself).

Tired of inserting CD-ROMs into your system and having them automatically start up via AutoPlay? For a one-time fix, press the Shift key when you insert the disk. Disable it permanently by going through Control Panel/System/Device Manager. Locate your CD drive in the list, bring up its Properties page, click on Settings, uncheck the Auto Insert Notification box, and restart the computer. (The TweakUI package also lets you turn this on and off.) Now, to get AutoPlay back for a particular disk, you can hold the Shift key down as you insert the disk. Hold it down until the CD indicator light goes out. (Autoplay can significantly slow down the performance of your PC, as it checks the drive about once per second to see if a CD is in the drive. You can either disable Autoplay or keep a CD in the drive to stop this time-wasting check.) There is a way to edit the Registry to permanently disable AutoPlay, but I'm not going to run through that one with you...if you're enough of a code warrior to handle cracking the Registry, you don't need my help to do it.

Want to make CDs with that nifty AutoPlay function? Use Notepad to create a three-line text file based on the lines below, and name it AUTORUN.INF. Place the file in the CD's root directory.

[AUTORUN]
OPEN=SETUP.EXE
ICON=ICON.ICO
Replace SETUP.EXE with the program that should launch when the CD is inserted, and replace ICON.ICO with the file containing the CD's icon. In both cases, be sure to omit the drive letter.

XP users may find themselves having difficulty deleting files from CD-RW discs. This is a known bug in XP, so don't think it's you. To work around this problem, you need to copy all of the CD-RW to your computer, reformat the CD-RW disc, and then burn all of the files back onto the CD-RW disc MINUS the file you wanted to delete. The built-in Windows XP CD burner software doesn't support a CD-RW disc being used for random-access storage, but if you have DirectCD or another "packet writing" program, you can use it instead of the XP CD burner software to handle your CD-RW chores and skip dealing with the balky Windows software.

<>Reining in the Recycle Bin

What exactly is the Recycle Bin anyway? It's a real, but hidden, folder (hunt it down in DOS by typing C:CD\RECYCLED and typing DIR; the resulting directory tree may have some variance in the names of the files with what shows up in Windows, but the file sizes and attributes are the same). When you toss a file in the Recycle Bin, Windows moves that file to that drive's Recycled folder and then renames it using a scheme that reflects its original disk and deletion sequence -- only the extension remains unchanged. Another hidden folder, Info, stores the original name and path for each file. When you restore a file from the Bin, Windows uses the data stored in Info to make sure the file is returned to its original slot. Make sure you don't delete either the Recycled or the Info folder while you're in DOS.

Tired of deleting files to the Recycle Bin only to have to delete them again? Right-click the offending item, hold down Shift, and press Del. Watch it disappear. To turn off "Delete Confirmation on the Recycle Bin," right-click the Recycle Bin, select Properties; on the "Global" tab, check "Use one setting for all drives," and "Do not move files to the recycle bin. Remove files immediately on delete." You will still need to empty the Recycle Bin of any files waiting in it. Remember, you won't have the warning before final deletion any more, so be sure of what you're deleting.

The Recycle Bin can be hoggish with the amount of drive space it reserves for itself. Right-click its icon, choose Properties, and click the Global tab. Check "One Setting for All Drives," and adjust the slider to 5% or less of each disk.

On the other hand, if you need to be sure that you can retrieve folders and files that you've sent to the Recycle Bin, you should increase the amount of hard drive space set aside for recycling. If the Recycle Bin gets full and you keep sending it stuff, it will automatically purge itself of the oldest files, sending them to the Happy Hunting Grounds and making it ni